пятница, 12 апреля 2013 г.

Games

Games


Garfield's Wild Ride - Screenshots

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 04:42 AM PDT

With simple single-finger gameplay to take to the air, players navigate Garfield through an ever more perilous series of hazards to complete 45 different missions across 5 wildly varied game worlds. The numerous bonus pickups include riding a giant Odie or strapping on elbow pads for a spot of skateboarding, with the option to purchase coins for extra in-game items. Players can dress up Garfield in all kinds of crazy costumes – including more available to buy in-game – from a spacesuit to a festive Santa outfit. Garfield may not be as tall as Santa, but he's sure got the girth.

Antetype 1.2.0 - Interface design tool. (Demo)

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 03:49 AM PDT



Antetype UI designer is a brand new, ground-breaking design application that supports user-interface designers at every step of their work. Design beautiful interfaces, invent new widgets, style them, and put it all together in an interactive prototype!

Features:

  • Multiple Looks and Feels: Looks and feels are stored globally in the shared library and can be applied with one click. Any project can be shown in any Look and Feel.
  • Advanced Layout Engine: Any complex layout can be realized with nesting, tables, and flow layouts. Elements can stretch and shrink to adapt to the available space or their content's size.
  • Platform-Independent Web Viewer: Screens designed with the Mac version can be viewed in the free Web viewer. Enjoy Antetype's advanced layout engine right in the browser.
  • Shared Widget Library: The widget library is available in all projects. Changes made to existing widgets or completely new custom widgets can be synced application-wide and made available in any Antetype project.

What they say:
Antetype is the best, most productive tool for UI design I have ever used. It does everything, from Web applications to iPhone and Android apps, and it's just unbelievable how much time it saves me. There is simply no better tool out there if you're serious about UI design.
- Luca Candela, Product Manager at Asterpix

Above download is a 30-day trial. Registration by email address required.

Version 1.2.0:

Enhancements

  • Add a "Edit in Editor" Command on Resources
  • USE CASE: Create Widget Specification
  • USE CASE: Markup a screen with notes
  • New rubber band selection mode for interaction inspector
  • Property Binding
  • Add CMD-option-0 as shortcut to centre
  • Navigating between screens shortcut changed to cmd-option LEFT and RIGHT Arrows
  • Add search field to the screen inspector
  • Set clipping off as default for groups
  • Style inspector shows text content of cell
  • Trial licences will automatically be extended by 15 days for each new release
  • Added @2x option to export dialogs - always export at 72 DPI, @2x images at 144 DPI and twice as big
  • Added panel to widget inspector that points to antetype.com
  • Cut and Paste now working with MS Office apps
  • Add Search field to the target selection window for cells (used in binding and animation)
  • Changing interaction types does not remember target
  • Interaction inspector always come up int he centre of the screen
  • Use Automatic Reference Counting
Bug fixes
  • AT-1694 always repaint target-rects
  • AT-1685 made sure paint-above-all honors parent visibility
  • AT-1690 widget with triangle in different states unusable
  • Various crash reports fixed
  • AT-1679 Web Viewer does not show cells with negative top or left
  • AT-1687 Web viewer has error with widgets with zero height or width
  • AT-1703 corrupt widget error
  • AT-1686 widget search field does not honour filters
  • AT-1691 Web viewer interaction: mouse move changes screen
  • AT-1669 Made sure horizontal layout is triggered after circle border change
  • AT-1664 Duplicating Screen does not work if a cell is selected
  • AT-1661 Hierarchy updates not working properly
Known Problems
  • AT-1622 Incorrect hierarchy update
  • AT-1649 Widget not update-able
  • AT-1659 Drag and drop inside a widget was making basic cells
  • AT-1645 Height redraw issue with shrink layout
  • AT-1618 Crash on undo
  • AT-1652 Export screen was slowly shrinking each time it was shown
  • Fixed tooltip for screen inspector
  • AT-1619 Transparent colors in export were too dark
  • AT-1654 Long screens jumped to a new position when shrunk
  • Redraw bug in presentation mode with cell based interactions
  • AT-1625 Crash after Ctrl-Click a handle
  • AT-1621 Color Picker no longer works continuously
  • AT-1580 Transparent color not working in web viewer
  • AT-1581 Clipped text using 1.25x line height
  • AT-1579 Dropped cells are not going to correct location
  • AT-1603 Using the grayscale OS X color picker within AT results in jumping to the RGB Picker
  • AT-1486 After float tick box is ticked in Style Inspector->Layout undo does work - also untick doesn't restore
  • AT-1598 Crash when accessing corrupted atype file
  • AT-1605 When the AT Color Picker is used to select rich text that has multiple colors all text is set to a single colour
  • AT-1406 conversion of images with non-srgb-profile
  • AT-1617 duplicating widgets doesn't throw an exception anymore
  • AT-1611 Unable to save, no screens are shown after multiple redo


  • OS X 10.7 or later


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Molecules, Vol. 18, Pages 4357-4372: Application Scope and Limitations of TADDOL-Derived Chiral Ammonium Salt Phase-Transfer Catalysts

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

We have recently introduced a new class of chiral ammonium salt catalysts derived from easily available TADDOLs. To get a full picture of the scope of application and limitations of our catalysts we tested them in a variety of different important transformations. We found that, although these compounds have recently shown their good potential in the asymmetric α-alkylation of glycine Schiff bases, they clearly failed when we attempted to control more reactive nucleophiles like b-keto esters. On the other hand, when using them to catalyse the addition of glycine Schiff bases to different Michael acceptors it was found necessary to carefully optimize the reaction conditions for every single substrate class, as seemingly small structural changes sometimes required the use of totally different reaction conditions. Under carefully optimized conditions enantiomeric ratios up to 91:9 could be achieved in the addition of glycine Schiff bases to acrylates, whereas acrylamides and methyl vinyl ketone gave slightly lower selectivities (up to e.r. 77:23 in these cases). Thus, together with additional studies towards the syntheses of these catalysts we have now a very detailed understanding about the scope and limitations of the synthesis sequence to access our PTCs and about the application scope of these catalysts in asymmetric transformations.

Molecules, Vol. 18, Pages 4342-4356: Anxiolytic Effects of Herbal Ethanol Extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Mice after Exposure to Chronic Stress

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

In this study, the effects of herbal ethanol extracts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX), on chronic electric footshock (EF) stress-induced anxiety disorders were investigated in mice, which were orally treated with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days, followed by exposure to EF stress (2 mA, with an interval and duration of 10 s for 3 min). After the final exposure to EF stress, the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests were performed, and the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, the serum levels of corticosterone, and the expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were determined. Treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) significantly recovered the number of entries into open arms and time spent on open arms, which was reduced by chronic EF stress. GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) also reduced the number of marbles buried, which was increased by chronic EF stress. In addition, electric EF stress significantly decreased the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which was recovered by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). The serum levels of corticosterone, which were markedly increased by chronic EF stress, were reduced by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). Chronic EF stress-induced increases in c-Fos expression were also markedly reduced by GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in the PVN. These results suggest that GP-EX shows anxiolytic functions, determined by the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests, which are mediated by modulating the activity of dopamine and serotonin neurons as well as the expression of c-Fos in the brain, and the serum levels of corticosterone. Clinical trials of herbal GP-EX and its bioactive components need further investigation.

Molecules, Vol. 18, Pages 4328-4341: Evaluation of the Interaction between Long Telomeric DNA and Macrocyclic Hexaoxazole (6OTD) Dimer of a G-quadruplex Ligand

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Macrocyclic hexaoxazole dimer of L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) was newly synthesized as a telomeric G-quadruplex (G4) ligand, and interaction with long telomeric DNAs telo48, 72, and 96 was evaluated by means of electrophoresis mobility shift assay, CD spectra analysis, and CD melting experiments. The L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) interacted with the long telomeric DNAs by inducing anti-parallel type G4 structure of each unit of 24 bases, i.e., (TTAGGG)4 sequences. Dimer 3 stabilizes long telomeric DNAs more efficiently than the corresponding monomer of L2H2-6OTD (2). It showed potent inhibitory activity against telomerase, with an IC50 value of 7.5 nm.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4979-5007: Study of the Electrocatalytic Activity of Cerium Oxide and Gold-Studded Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Using a Sonogel-Carbon Material as Supporting Electrode: Electroanalytical Study in Apple Juice for Babies

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

The present work reports a study of the electrocatalytic activity of CeO2 nanoparticles and gold sononanoparticles (AuSNPs)/CeO2 nanocomposite, deposited on the surface of a Sonogel-Carbon (SNGC) matrix used as supporting electrode and the application of the sensing devices built with them to the determination of ascorbic acid (AA) used as a benchmark analyte. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to investigate the electrocatalytic behavior of CeO2- and AuSNPs/CeO2-modified SNGC electrodes, utilizing different concentrations of CeO2 nanoparticles and different AuSNPs:CeO2 w/w ratios. The best detection and quantification limits, obtained for CeO2 (10.0 mg·mL−1)- and AuSNPs/CeO2 (3.25% w/w)-modified SNGC electrodes, were 1.59 × 10−6 and 5.32 × 10−6 M, and 2.93 × 10−6 and 9.77 × 10−6 M, respectively, with reproducibility values of 5.78% and 6.24%, respectively, for a linear concentration range from 1.5 µM to 4.0 mM of AA. The electrochemical devices were tested for the determination of AA in commercial apple juice for babies. The results were compared with those obtained by applying high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference method. Recovery errors below 5% were obtained in most cases, with standard deviations lower than 3% for all the modified SNGC electrodes. Bare, CeO2- and AuSNPs/CeO2-modified SNGC electrodes were structurally characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). AuSNPs and AuSNPs/CeO2 nanocomposite were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and information about their size distribution and shape was obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The advantages of employing CeO2 nanoparticles and AuSNPs/CeO2 nanocomposite in SNGC supporting material are also described. This research suggests that the modified electrode can be a very promising voltammetric sensor for the determination of electroactive species of interest in real samples.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4961-4978: Compressive Sensing Image Sensors-Hardware Implementation

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

The compressive sensing (CS) paradigm uses simultaneous sensing and compression to provide an efficient image acquisition technique. The main advantages of the CS method include high resolution imaging using low resolution sensor arrays and faster image acquisition. Since the imaging philosophy in CS imagers is different from conventional imaging systems, new physical structures have been developed for cameras that use the CS technique. In this paper, a review of different hardware implementations of CS encoding in optical and electrical domains is presented. Considering the recent advances in CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) technologies and the feasibility of performing on-chip signal processing, important practical issues in the implementation of CS in CMOS sensors are emphasized. In addition, the CS coding for video capture is discussed.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4947-4960: Analysis and Description of HOLTIN Service Provision for AECG monitoring in Complex Indoor Environments

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

In this work, a novel ambulatory ECG monitoring device developed in-house called HOLTIN is analyzed when operating in complex indoor scenarios. The HOLTIN system is described, from the technological platform level to its functional model. In addition, by using in-house 3D ray launching simulation code, the wireless channel behavior, which enables ubiquitous operation, is performed. The effect of human body presence is taken into account by a novel simplified model embedded within the 3D Ray Launching code. Simulation as well as measurement results are presented, showing good agreement. These results may aid in the adequate deployment of this novel device to automate conventional medical processes, increasing the coverage radius and optimizing energy consumption.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4922-4946: Energy-Efficient Algorithm for Broadcasting in Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Broadcasting is a common and basic operation used to support various network protocols in wireless networks. To achieve energy-efficient broadcasting is especially important for ad hoc wireless sensor networks because sensors are generally powered by batteries with limited lifetimes. Energy consumption for broadcast operations can be reduced by minimizing the number of relay nodes based on the observation that data transmission processes consume more energy than data reception processes in the sensor nodes, and how to improve the network lifetime is always an interesting issue in sensor network research. The minimum-energy broadcast problem is then equivalent to the problem of finding the minimum Connected Dominating Set (CDS) for a connected graph that is proved NP-complete. In this paper, we introduce an Efficient Minimum CDS algorithm (EMCDS) with help of a proposed ordered sequence list. EMCDS does not concern itself with node energy and broadcast operations might fail if relay nodes are out of energy. Next we have proposed a Minimum Energy-consumption Broadcast Scheme (MEBS) with a modified version of EMCDS, and aimed at providing an efficient scheduling scheme with maximized network lifetime. The simulation results show that the proposed EMCDS algorithm can find smaller CDS compared with related works, and the MEBS can help to increase the network lifetime by efficiently balancing energy among nodes in the networks.

FCBBooster 2.0.0 - Interface between a Behringer FCB 1010 and a MIDI device. (Demo)

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 03:13 AM PDT



FCBBooster is a software tool created to improve the performance of the Behringer FCB 1010 MIDI foot controller. It works as an interface between the pedalboard and whatever MIDI device, hardware or software, you want to drive with it, augmenting the controller's abilities and simplifying its use at once. No, it's not an editor for the FCB 1010.

Features:

  • ability to send a virtually unlimited number of MIDI messages to a virtually unlimited number of MIDI devices simultaneously from each foot-switch or expression pedal
  • ability to send MIDI messages that the FCB 1010 is not able to manage, including system-exclusive (SysEx) messages, both fixed and variable
  • simple but powerful programming capabilities, implemented through a WYSIWYG editor, allow you to define complex functions that would be impossible to handle for an FCB 1010
  • gives a visual feedback of the functions assigned to foot-switches and expression pedals
  • foot-switches can act as buttons, switches, or multiple-state switches
  • messages can be individually programmed to be sent when a foot-switch is either pressed or released
  • much easier and faster to program than the actual FCB 1010
  • entire setups can be saved as documents, allowing backups and fast switching between completely different configurations



Version 2.0.0:
  • MIDI destination devices and channels are now coupled as "targets" and defined just once in the preferences window, instead of being specified multiple times on an action-by-action basis.
  • Multiple state foot-switches can now optionally expose their current state to all actions belonging to the same patch, so that these can be programmed to perform only when a control is in a particular state
  • interfacing with the FCB 1010 has become much easier: FCBBooster is now able to receive a SysEx dump from the pedalboard or load it from a file, apply the possible needed corrections and send it back without requiring any programming on the FCB 1010 (the old step-by-step learn mode is still available); FCBBooster can also save SysEx dumps to a file for backup purposes
  • the "patches setup" window, now simply called the editor window, has a new, clearer layout, with green lines and boxes indicating the relationships between patches, controls, states and actions; when the editor window is open, the currently selected control is shown with a red border in the main window
  • there are new "cut", "copy" and "paste" buttons for each of the "patches", "controls", "state" and "actions" sections; the "controls" section also has a new "swap" button to easily exchange position between controls of the same kind
  • a new "reference bank" preference allows to choose between the traditional mode of operation, that uses a single FCB 1010 bank as source for MIDI messages, and a new "all banks" mode, that limits the number of the definable patches to ten, but lets you select them with the up/down keys on the pedalboard
  • some new MIDI actions are available: "all sound off", "all notes off", "reset all controllers" for foot-switches and "channel pressure" for expression pedals
  • a new "wait" action may be used to introduce a delay between actions; this can be useful to let some hardware devices digest complex SysEx messages before sending them other messages
  • there is a new, unified preferences window
  • the "navigation" mode is now not immediately dismissed when a foot-switch is pressed; instead it stays active until the "*" activation foot-switch is pressed again; the current destination patch is highlighted with a green border in the list at the right side of the main window
  • the "go to patch" action now supports special destinations like "higher in level", "last visited", "next visited", "previous in list", "next in list", which are analogous to the navigation mode commands
  • the app is sandboxed


OS X 10.6.6 or later

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Wimoweh 0.4 - Menu-bar control of system sleep. (Free)

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 02:57 AM PDT



Wimoweh is a menu bar application that allows you to have better control over how your Mac sleeps.

Features:

  • Shows which Apps are preventing your Mac from sleeping and why.
  • Set-up a countdown to keep your Mac awake for a certain amount of time
  • Allows you to always stay awake when certain applications are running and automatically sleep when they've finished. This is great for apps that Lion seems to 'ignore' even though they're working or if you're waiting for a lengthy job to finish and want the Mac to sleep afterwards.
  • And of course, you can just keep your Mac awake indefinitely.



Version 0.4:
  • Prevent computer sleep for user-specified time
  • Prevent display sleep or idle sleep
  • Show / Hide power information
  • Purge remembered apps


  • OS X 10.7 or later


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Geekbench 2.4.3 - Measure processor and memory performance and more. (Demo)

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 02:52 AM PDT



Geekbench provides a comprehensive set of benchmarks engineered to quickly and accurately measure processor and memory performance. Designed to make benchmarks easy to run and easy to understand, Geekbench takes the guesswork out of producing robust and reliable benchmark results.

Version 2.4.3:
  • Added support for sharing benchmark results with other applications on BlackBerry 10.
  • Improved interface layout on BlackBerry 10.
  • Improved processor model detection on BlackBerry 10.
  • Fixed a bug where system information was invisible on the BlackBerry Q10.
  • Fixed a bug where stress test output did not appear on the command line.
  • Fixed a bug where Geekbench misreported the processor frequency on BlackBerry 10.
  • Fixed a bug where Geekbench didn't prevent the screen from sleep when running benchmarks on BlackBerry 10.
  • Fixed a bug that could cause uploads to fail when using a proxy.
  • Fixed a bug that could cause uploads to fail on older hardware.


OS X 10.5.8 or later

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NCAA Football 14 - Screenshots

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 04:03 AM PDT

Bluenote 1.13 - Easily keep track of notes, tasks, and passwords. (Demo)

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 02:47 AM PDT



Bluenote is one place for jotting down notes, keeping track of your tasks, and accessing your passwords. A beautiful interface separates your info, lets you assign labels and icons, and search with ease.

Bluenote automatically encrypts, saves, and syncs on the fly. It's a fantastic app, exclusively for Mac.



Version 1.13:
  • The Mail Note button has been made more reliable.


OS X 10.6.8 or later

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Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4906-4921: In-SituWaviness Characterization of Metal Plates by a Lateral Shearing Interferometric Profilometer

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Characterizing waviness in sheet metal is a key process for quality control in many industries, such as automotive and home appliance manufacturing. However, there is still no known technique able to work in an automated in-floor inspection system. The literature describes many techniques developed in the last three decades, but most of them are either slow, only able to work in laboratory conditions, need very short (unsafe) working distances, or are only able to estimate certain waviness parameters. In this article we propose the use of a lateral shearing interferometric profilometer, which is able to obtain a 19 mm profile in a single acquisition, with sub-micron precision, in an uncontrolled environment, and from a working distance greater than 90 mm. This system allows direct measurement of all needed waviness parameters even with objects in movement. We describe a series of experiments over several samples of steel plates to validate the sensor and the processing method, and the results are in close agreement with those obtained with a contact stylus device. The sensor is an ideal candidate for on-line or in-machine fast automatic waviness assessment, reducing delays and costs in many metalworking processes.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4884-4905: Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Resource Allocation in Green Cooperative Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Due to the rapid increase in the usage and demand of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the limited frequency spectrum available for WSN applications will be extremely crowded in the near future. More sensor devices also mean more recharging/replacement of batteries, which will cause significant impact on the global carbon footprint. In this paper, we propose a relay-assisted cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) that allocates communication resources in an environmentally friendly manner. We use shared band amplify and forward relaying for cooperative communication in the proposed CRSN. We present a multi-objective optimization architecture for resource allocation in a green cooperative cognitive radio sensor network (GC-CRSN). The proposed multi-objective framework jointly performs relay assignment and power allocation in GC-CRSN, while optimizing two conflicting objectives. The first objective is to maximize the total throughput, and the second objective is to minimize the total transmission power of CRSN. The proposed relay assignment and power allocation problem is a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem (NC-MINLP), which is generally non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. We introduce a hybrid heuristic algorithm for this problem. The hybrid heuristic includes an estimation-of-distribution algorithm (EDA) for performing power allocation and iterative greedy schemes for constraint satisfaction and relay assignment. We analyze the throughput and power consumption tradeoff in GC-CRSN. A detailed analysis of the performance of the proposed algorithm is presented with the simulation results.

Sensors, Vol. 13, Pages 4876-4883: Near Infrared Spectral Linearisation in Quantifying Soluble Solids Content of Intact Carambola

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

This study presents a novel application of near infrared (NIR) spectral linearisation for measuring the soluble solids content (SSC) of carambola fruits. NIR spectra were measured using reflectance and interactance methods. In this study, only the interactance measurement technique successfully generated a reliable measurement result with a coefficient of determination of (R2) = 0.724 and a root mean square error of prediction for (RMSEP) = 0.461° Brix. The results from this technique produced a highly accurate and stable prediction model compared with multiple linear regression techniques.

IJMS, Vol. 14, Pages 8148-8163: Phospholipid Membrane Protection by Sugar Molecules during Dehydration—Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Using Scattering Techniques

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Scattering techniques have played a key role in our understanding of the structure and function of phospholipid membranes. These techniques have been applied widely to study how different molecules (e.g., cholesterol) can affect phospholipid membrane structure. However, there has been much less attention paid to the effects of molecules that remain in the aqueous phase. One important example is the role played by small solutes, particularly sugars, in protecting phospholipid membranes during drying or slow freezing. In this paper, we present new results and a general methodology, which illustrate how contrast variation small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and synchrotron-based X-ray scattering (small angle (SAXS) and wide angle (WAXS)) can be used to quantitatively understand the interactions between solutes and phospholipids. Specifically, we show the assignment of lipid phases with synchrotron SAXS and explain how SANS reveals the exclusion of sugars from the aqueous region in the particular example of hexagonal II phases formed by phospholipids.

IJMS, Vol. 14, Pages 8122-8147: Role of Homeodomain Leucine Zipper (HD-Zip) IV Transcription Factors in Plant Development and Plant Protection from Deleterious Environmental Factors

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Homeobox genes comprise an important group of genes that are responsible for regulation of developmental processes. These genes determine cell differentiation and cell fate in all eukaryotic organisms, starting from the early stages of embryo development. Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are unique to the plant kingdom. Members of the HD-Zip IV subfamily have a complex domain topology and can bind several cis-elements with overlapping sequences. Many of the reported HD-Zip IV genes were shown to be specifically or preferentially expressed in plant epidermal or sub-epidermal cells. HD-Zip IV TFs were found to be associated with differentiation and maintenance of outer cell layers, and regulation of lipid biosynthesis and transport. Insights about the role of these proteins in plant cuticle formation, and hence their possible involvement in plant protection from pathogens and abiotic stresses has just started to emerge. These roles make HD-Zip IV proteins an attractive tool for genetic engineering of crop plants. To this end, there is a need for in-depth studies to further clarify the function of each HD-Zip IV subfamily member in commercially important plant species.

IJMS, Vol. 14, Pages 8093-8121: Homology Models of Melatonin Receptors: Challenges and Recent Advances

Posted: 12 Apr 2013 12:00 AM PDT

Melatonin exerts many of its actions through the activation of two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), named MT1 and MT2. So far, a number of different MT1 and MT2 receptor homology models, built either from the prototypic structure of rhodopsin or from recently solved X-ray structures of druggable GPCRs, have been proposed. These receptor models differ in the binding modes hypothesized for melatonin and melatonergic ligands, with distinct patterns of ligand-receptor interactions and putative bioactive conformations of ligands. The receptor models will be described, and they will be discussed in light of the available information from mutagenesis experiments and ligand-based pharmacophore models. The ability of these ligand-receptor complexes to rationalize structure-activity relationships of known series of melatonergic compounds will be commented upon.

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